AUTONOMOUS GOLF BALL COLLECTING ROBOT

Final Prototype

Final CAD Model
360 Degree View of Final Prototype
CAD Assembly Animation
Golf Ball Collection with Passive Disks. > 95% success in ball collection in testing with additional refinements.
Demonstration of PID controller for each motor to adjust PWM to achieve desired wheel angular velocity under varying loads and resistances
Demonstration of PD Controller for Desired Velocity of Left and Right Side Wheels with test CTE data. (ex: CTE begins positive so left side wheels rotate faster than right side wheels. Note convergence of wheel velocities towards desired step function values)
​
X-axis: time (s)
Y-axis: wheel linear velocity (m/s)
Red Step Function: CTE (cross-track error)
Magenta Step Function: left wheel linear velocity, desired
Blue: left wheel linear velocity, actual
Yellow Step Function: right wheel linear velocity, desired
Green: right wheel linear velocity, actual
Objective:
Design and fabricate an autonomous robot to collect golf balls on the driving range.
Time Frame:
Three Months
Skills Demonstrated:
-
CAD / FEA with SolidWorks, Fusion 360, and ANSYS
-
Product design and development
-
Actuator/sensor Integration
-
Electrical hardware
-
Power distribution and wiring
-
Mechanical hardware
-
Software architecture
-
Controls
-
Programming Arduino/Raspberry Pi
-
Laser cutting, 3D printing, manual machining, power tools, soldering
-
Material and part selection
Design:
For an electromechanical systems design course, I served as the team lead on a team of five graduate students tasked to design and prototype an autonomous robot to replace manual methods for golf ball collection on driving ranges. As a high-level operational overview, the robot follows the following procedure:
​
-Begins at its home base in bottom left corner of the driving range
-Takes user inputs on the driving range dimensions and creates a target trajectory of waypoints to follow on the range
-Utilizes GPS and custom controls to follow the trajectory and collect balls
-Avoids obstacles through the use of four ultrasonic sensors and an IMU sensor
-Follows trajectory until completes the path, registers low battery, or reaches full capacity (250 golf balls)
-Creates an optimal return to base set of trajectory waypoints
-When within 20 feet of the home base, transitions to computer vision guidance for precision docking
-User interaction occurs for removing payload and/or recharging, and then process repeats
​
In addition to serving as the team lead, I also handled all driving system selection (motors/motor controller/battery), component selected and wrote the software for almost all electronics, created a custom PID controller for each DC motor PWM value and a PD controller for the overall robot desired velocity, and wired all electrical hardware/attachments. On the mechanical side, I assisted in the construction of the aluminum T-slot reinforced chassis, CAD designed and laser cut the sensor housings, and assisted in manual machining the custom bearing housings for reduced off-axial loads. With heavy involvement across several aspects of the project, greatly furthered my mechanical, electrical, and programming abilities.
Results:
Successfully developed an effective and efficient autonomous robot to collect golf balls on the driving range and replace current manual methods. The final prototype collected over 95% of reachable balls, had a 2+ hour operational time between charges, stored 250 golf balls, featured robust software for autonomous behavior. Team won award for best overall prototype.

Visual Schematic of Key Electronic Components

CAD Layout of Key Electronics: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Motor Controller Board, Relay Switch, Buck Converter, Voltage Divider, Ultrasonic Sensors, Camera, GPS, IMU, Fuses and Circuit Breakers (not pictured)

Compact Rapid-Prototyping Wiring System for All Electronics. 67% of chassis space free for ball storage, which provided us with 1100 cubic inches of space to store over 250 golf balls